VIBRIOSIS IN SHRIMP CULTURE (TREATMENT)
Vibriosis is one of the major disease problems in shellfish and finfish aquaculture.
Vibriosis is a bacterial disease responsible for mortality of cultured shrimp worldwide (Lightner & Lewis, 1975; Adams, 1991; Lightner et al., 1992; Lavilla-Pitogo et al., 1996; Lavilla-Pitogo et al., 1998; Chen et al., 2000).
Vibriosis is controlled by rigorous water management and sanitation to prevent the entry of vibrios in the culture water (Baticados, et al., 1990) and to reduce stress on the shrimps (Lightner, 1993). Good site selection, pond design and pond preparation are also important (Nash et al., 1992). An increase in daily water exchanges and a reduction in pond biomass by partial harvesting are recommended to reduce mortalities caused by vibriosis. Draining, drying and administering lime/dolomite to ponds following harvest is also recommended (Anderson et al., 1988).
Luminescent vibriosis may be controlled in the hatchery by washing eggs with iodine (SparkDin) and formaldehyde and avoiding contamination by spawner faeces. V. harveyi in the water column can be inactivated by Chlorine Dioxide (KloSant). Probiotics (UltraZyme-P-FS and BioRemid-Aqua) are administered directly into the water or via feeds. Immunostimulants (ImmunoMax-FS) have had success in reducing shrimp mortalities associated with vibriosis. Jiravanichpaisal and Chuaychuwong et al (1997) reported the use of Lactobacillus sp. as the probiotic bacteria in the giant tiger shrimp (P.monodon). They designed to investigate an effective treatment of Lactobacillus sp. against vibriosis and white spot diseases in P. monodon. They investigated the growth of some probiotic bacteria, and their survival in the 20 ppt sea water for at least 7 days. Inhibiting activity of two Lactobacillus sp. against Vibrio sp., E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. was determined.
The effect of copper concentration on the expression of both luminescence and toxin of V. harveyi was investigated by Nakayama. T. et al (2007). They found copper concentration (non-antibiotic substance) of less than 40 ppm had no effect on the growth of shrimp. While V. harveyi cultured with 40 ppm copper concentration showed decreased luminescence. Therefore, the combination of prebiotics, probiotics, immuno-stimulants and non-antibiotic substances (LBeeNex) has superior specificity against vibriosis and Luminescent Bacteria (LB) coupled with Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP), which makes it an effective management tool for the control of luminescence bacterial toxicity in aquaculture.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of vibrio infection is based on clinical signs and the histological demonstration of rod-shaped Vibrio bacteria in lesions, nodules or haemolymph. Excised organs and haemolymph may be streaked on a Vibrio-selective (TCBS) or general marine agar plate. When investigating postlarvae, the whole animal may be crushed and then streaked onto an agar plate. Luminescent colonies may be observed after 12 to18 hr if incubated at room temperature or 25 to 30oC.
Present status of vibriosis
Vibriosis is a common problem world-wide, particularly in India. V. harveyi continues to cause chronic mortalities of up to 30% among P. monodon larvae, postlarvae and adult under stressful conditions. A highly pathogenic strain of Vibrio sp. are also emerging and continues to cause mortalities among cultured shrimp (Le Groumellec et al., 1996). Problems caused by secondary vibriosis are common, but are considered minor compared to viral epidemics.
ReferencesAdams, A. 1991. Response of penaeid shrimp to exposure to Vibrio species. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1:59–70.
Alday-Sanz. V., Roque, A., Turnbull, JF. 2002. Clearing mechanisms of Vibrio vulnificus biotype I in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Dis Aquat Org 48:91–99.
Anderson, I.G., Shamsudin, M.N. and Shariff, M. 1988. Bacterial septicemia in juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, cultured in Malaysian brackishwater ponds. Asian Fis.Sci. 2: 93-108.
Baticados, M.C.L., Lavilla-Pitogo, C.R., Cruz-Lacierda, E.R., de la Pena, L.D. and Sunaz, N.A. 1990. Studies on the chemical control of luminous bacteria Vibrio harveyi and V splendidus isolated from diseased Penaeus monodon larvae and rearing water. Dis. Aquat. Org. 9: 133-139.
Bauer, RT. 1998 Gill-cleaning mechanisms of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Astacidea: Cambaridae): experimental testing of setobranch function. Invertebr Biol 117: 129–143.
Brock, J.A. and Lightner, D.V. 1990. Chapter 3: Diseases of Crustacea. In: O. Kinne (ed.) Diseases of Marine Animals Vol. 3, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg. pp. 245-424.
Chen, D. 1992. An overview of the disease situation, diagnostic techniques, treatments and preventatives used on shrimp farms in China. In: W. Fuls and K.L.Main (eds.) Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp in Asia and the Unites States. The Oceanic Institute, Hawaii. pp. 47-55.
Chen, FR., Liu, PC., Lee, KK. 2000. Lethal attribute of serine protease secreted by Vibrio alginolyticus strains in Kurama Prawn Penaeus japonicus. Zool Naturforsch
55:94–99.
Cook, DW., Lofton, SR. 1973. Chitinoclastic bacteria associated with shell disease in Penaeus shrimp and the blue crab. J Wild Dis 9:154–159.
de la Peña, L.D., Kakai, T., Muroga, K. 1995. Dynamics of Vibrio sp PJ in organs of orally infected kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus. Fish. Pathol. 30: 39-45.
Vibriosis is a bacterial disease responsible for mortality of cultured shrimp worldwide (Lightner & Lewis, 1975; Adams, 1991; Lightner et al., 1992; Lavilla-Pitogo et al., 1996; Lavilla-Pitogo et al., 1998; Chen et al., 2000).
Vibriosis is controlled by rigorous water management and sanitation to prevent the entry of vibrios in the culture water (Baticados, et al., 1990) and to reduce stress on the shrimps (Lightner, 1993). Good site selection, pond design and pond preparation are also important (Nash et al., 1992). An increase in daily water exchanges and a reduction in pond biomass by partial harvesting are recommended to reduce mortalities caused by vibriosis. Draining, drying and administering lime/dolomite to ponds following harvest is also recommended (Anderson et al., 1988).
Luminescent vibriosis may be controlled in the hatchery by washing eggs with iodine (SparkDin) and formaldehyde and avoiding contamination by spawner faeces. V. harveyi in the water column can be inactivated by Chlorine Dioxide (KloSant). Probiotics (UltraZyme-P-FS and BioRemid-Aqua) are administered directly into the water or via feeds. Immunostimulants (ImmunoMax-FS) have had success in reducing shrimp mortalities associated with vibriosis. Jiravanichpaisal and Chuaychuwong et al (1997) reported the use of Lactobacillus sp. as the probiotic bacteria in the giant tiger shrimp (P.monodon). They designed to investigate an effective treatment of Lactobacillus sp. against vibriosis and white spot diseases in P. monodon. They investigated the growth of some probiotic bacteria, and their survival in the 20 ppt sea water for at least 7 days. Inhibiting activity of two Lactobacillus sp. against Vibrio sp., E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. was determined.
The effect of copper concentration on the expression of both luminescence and toxin of V. harveyi was investigated by Nakayama. T. et al (2007). They found copper concentration (non-antibiotic substance) of less than 40 ppm had no effect on the growth of shrimp. While V. harveyi cultured with 40 ppm copper concentration showed decreased luminescence. Therefore, the combination of prebiotics, probiotics, immuno-stimulants and non-antibiotic substances (LBeeNex) has superior specificity against vibriosis and Luminescent Bacteria (LB) coupled with Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP), which makes it an effective management tool for the control of luminescence bacterial toxicity in aquaculture.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of vibrio infection is based on clinical signs and the histological demonstration of rod-shaped Vibrio bacteria in lesions, nodules or haemolymph. Excised organs and haemolymph may be streaked on a Vibrio-selective (TCBS) or general marine agar plate. When investigating postlarvae, the whole animal may be crushed and then streaked onto an agar plate. Luminescent colonies may be observed after 12 to18 hr if incubated at room temperature or 25 to 30oC.
Present status of vibriosis
Vibriosis is a common problem world-wide, particularly in India. V. harveyi continues to cause chronic mortalities of up to 30% among P. monodon larvae, postlarvae and adult under stressful conditions. A highly pathogenic strain of Vibrio sp. are also emerging and continues to cause mortalities among cultured shrimp (Le Groumellec et al., 1996). Problems caused by secondary vibriosis are common, but are considered minor compared to viral epidemics.
ReferencesAdams, A. 1991. Response of penaeid shrimp to exposure to Vibrio species. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1:59–70.
Alday-Sanz. V., Roque, A., Turnbull, JF. 2002. Clearing mechanisms of Vibrio vulnificus biotype I in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Dis Aquat Org 48:91–99.
Anderson, I.G., Shamsudin, M.N. and Shariff, M. 1988. Bacterial septicemia in juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, cultured in Malaysian brackishwater ponds. Asian Fis.Sci. 2: 93-108.
Baticados, M.C.L., Lavilla-Pitogo, C.R., Cruz-Lacierda, E.R., de la Pena, L.D. and Sunaz, N.A. 1990. Studies on the chemical control of luminous bacteria Vibrio harveyi and V splendidus isolated from diseased Penaeus monodon larvae and rearing water. Dis. Aquat. Org. 9: 133-139.
Bauer, RT. 1998 Gill-cleaning mechanisms of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Astacidea: Cambaridae): experimental testing of setobranch function. Invertebr Biol 117: 129–143.
Brock, J.A. and Lightner, D.V. 1990. Chapter 3: Diseases of Crustacea. In: O. Kinne (ed.) Diseases of Marine Animals Vol. 3, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg. pp. 245-424.
Chen, D. 1992. An overview of the disease situation, diagnostic techniques, treatments and preventatives used on shrimp farms in China. In: W. Fuls and K.L.Main (eds.) Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp in Asia and the Unites States. The Oceanic Institute, Hawaii. pp. 47-55.
Chen, FR., Liu, PC., Lee, KK. 2000. Lethal attribute of serine protease secreted by Vibrio alginolyticus strains in Kurama Prawn Penaeus japonicus. Zool Naturforsch
55:94–99.
Cook, DW., Lofton, SR. 1973. Chitinoclastic bacteria associated with shell disease in Penaeus shrimp and the blue crab. J Wild Dis 9:154–159.
de la Peña, L.D., Kakai, T., Muroga, K. 1995. Dynamics of Vibrio sp PJ in organs of orally infected kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus. Fish. Pathol. 30: 39-45.